Your Development Environment
============================
Text Editors
::::::::::::
Just about anything which can edit plain text will work for writing Python code,
however, using a more powerful editor may make your life a bit easier.
VIM
---
There exist a couple of plugins and settings for the VIM editor to aid python
development. If you only develop in Python, a good start is to set the default
settings for indentation and linewrapping to values compliant with PEP8::
set textwidth=79
set shiftwidth=4
set tabstop=4
set expandtab
set softtabstop=4
set shiftround
With these settings newlines are inserted after 79 characters and indentation
is set to 4 spaces per tab. If you also use VIM for other languages, there is a
handy plugin at indent_, which handles indentation settings for python source
files.
Additionally there is also a handy syntax plugin at syntax_ featuring some
improvements over the syntax file included in VIM 6.1.
These plugins supply you with a basic environment for developing in Python.
However in order to improve the programming flow we also want to continually
check for PEP8 compliance and check syntax. Luckily there exist PEP8_ and
Pyflakes_ to do this for you. If your VIM is compiled with `+python` you can
also utilize some very handy plugins to do these checks from within the editor.
For PEP8 checking install vim-pep8_. Now you can map the vim function
`Pep8()` to any hotkey or action you want. Similarly for pyflakes you can
install vim-pyflakes_. Now you can map `Pyflakes()` like the PEP8 function and
have it called quickly. Both plugins will display errors in a quickfix list and
provide an easy way to jump to the corresponding line. A very handy setting is
calling these functions whenever a buffer is saved. In order to do this, enter
the following lines into your vimrc::
autocmd BufWritePost *.py call Pyflakes()
autocmd BufWritePost *.py call Pep8()
.. _indent: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=974
.. _syntax: http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=790
.. _Pyflakes: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyflakes/
.. _vim-pyflakes: https://github.com/nvie/vim-pyflakes
.. _PEP8: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pep8/
.. _vim-pep8: https://github.com/nvie/vim-pep8
.. todo:: add supertab notes
TextMate
--------
"`TextMate `_ brings Apple's approach to operating systems into the world of text editors. By bridging UNIX underpinnings and GUI, TextMate cherry-picks the best of both worlds to the benefit of expert scripters and novice users alike."
Sublime Text
------------
"`Sublime Text `_ is a sophisticated text editor
for code, html and prose. You'll love the slick user interface and
extraordinary features."
Sublime Text has excellent support for editing Python code and uses Python for
its plugin API.
`Sublime Text 2 `_ is currently in beta.
IDEs
::::
PyCharm / IntelliJ IDEA
-----------------------
`PyCharm `_ is developed by JetBrains, also known for IntelliJ IDEA. Both share the same code base and most of PyCharm's features can be brought to IntelliJ with the free `Python Plug-In `_.
Eclipse
-------
The most popular Eclipse plugin for Python development is Aptana's
`PyDev `_.
Komodo IDE
-----------
`Komodo IDE `_ is developed by ActiveState and is a commerical IDE for Windows, Mac
and Linux.
Spyder
------
`Spyder `_ an IDE specifically geared toward working with scientific python libraries (namely `Scipy `_).
Includes integration with pyflakes_, `pylint `_,
and `rope `_.
Spyder is open-source (free), offers code completion, syntax highlighting, class and function browser, and object inspection.
Interpreter Tools
:::::::::::::::::
virtualenv
----------
Virtualenv is a tool to keep the dependencies required by different projects in separate places, by creating virtual Python environments for them.
It solves the "Project X depends on version 1.x but, Project Y needs 4.x" dilemma and keeps your global site-packages directory clean and manageable.
`virtualenv `_ creates
a folder which contains all the necessary executables to contain the
packages that a Python project would need. An example workflow is given.
Install virtualenv::
$ pip install virtualenv
Create a virtual environment for a project::
$ cd my_project
$ virtualenv venv
``virtualenv venv`` will create a folder in the currect directory
which will contain the Python executable files, and a copy of the ``pip``
library which you can use to install other packages. The name of the
virtual environment (in this case, it was ``venv``) can be anything;
omitting the name will place the files in the current directory instead.
In order the start using the virtual environment, run::
$ source venv/bin/activate
The name of the current virtual environment will now appear on the left
of the prompt (e.g. ``(venv)Your-Computer:your_project UserName$``) to
let you know that it's active. From now on, any package that you install
using ``pip`` will be placed in the venv folder, isolated from the global
Python installation. Install packages as usual::
$ pip install requests
To stop using an environment simply type ``deactivate``. To remove the
environment, just remove the directory it was installed into. (In this
case, it would be ``rm -rf venv``).
Other Notes
~~~~~~~~~~~
Running ``virtualenv`` with the option ``--no-site-packages`` will not
include the packages that are installed globally. This can be useful
for keeping the package list clean in case it needs to be accessed later.
In order to keep your environment consistent, it's a good idea to "freeze"
the current state of the environment packages. To do this, run
::
$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
This will create a ``requirements.txt`` file, which contains a simple
list of all the packages in the current environment, and their respective
versions. Later, when a different developer (or you, if you need to re-
create the environment) can install the same packages, with the same
versions by running
::
$ pip install -r requirements.txt
This can help ensure consistency across installations, across deployments,
and across developers.
Lastly, remember to exclude the virtual environment folder from source
control by adding it to the ignore list.
virtualenvwrapper
-----------------
`Virtualenvwrapper `_ makes virtualenv a pleasure to use by wrapping the command line API with a nicer CLI.
::
$ pip install virtualenvwrapper
Put this into your `~/.bash_profile` (Linux/Mac) file:
::
$ export VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_VIRTUALENV_ARGS='--no-site-packages'
This will prevent your virtualenvs from relying on your (global) site packages directory, so that they are completely separate..
Other Tools
:::::::::::
IPython
-------
`IPython `_ provides a rich toolkit to help you make the most out of using Python interactively. Its main components are:
* Powerful Python shells (terminal- and Qt-based).
* A web-based notebook with the same core features but support for rich media, text, code, mathematical expressions and inline plots.
* Support for interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits.
* Flexible, embeddable interpreters to load into your own projects.
* Tools for high level and interactive parallel computing.
::
$ pip install ipython
BPython
-------
`bpython `_ is an alternative interface to the Python interpreter for Unix-like operating systems. It has the following features:
* In-line syntax highlighting.
* Readline-like autocomplete with suggestions displayed as you type.
* Expected parameter list for any Python function.
* "Rewind" function to pop the last line of code from memory and re-evaluate.
* Send entered code off to a pastebin.
* Save entered code to a file.
* Auto-indentation.
* Python 3 support.
::
$ pip install bpython